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#25thfebruary #onthisday #history

February 25th: A Day Rich in Global History

February 25th presents a diverse tapestry of historical moments, cultural celebrations, and individual achievements across the globe. Here's a glimpse into some noteworthy occurrences on this date:

Echoes of the Past:

• 138: Roman Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son and heir, effectively securing his succession.

• 628: Khosrow II, the last great Sasanian Shah of Persia, is overthrown by his son Kavadh II, marking a significant power shift.

• 1336: Four thousand defenders of Pilenai in modern-day Lithuania commit mass suicide rather than surrender to the Teutonic Knights, highlighting the brutality of medieval warfare.

• 1705: George Frideric Handel's opera "Nero" premieres in Hamburg, Germany, showcasing the brilliance of Baroque music.

• 1836:

-Samuel Colt patented the first revolver in the United States, revolutionizing firearms technology.

-The Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, flees Tibet to India to escape persecution by the Chinese Qing dynasty.

• 1870: Hiram Rhodes Revels becomes the first African American to serve in the United States Senate, representing the state of Mississippi.

• 1875: Guangxu ascends the throne of the Qing dynasty in China at a young age, marking a period of decline and instability for the empire.

• 1943: George Harrison, the quiet Beatle, was born in Liverpool, England, destined to become a musical legend.

• 1956: Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev delivers his "Secret Speech" at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, denouncing the cult of personality surrounding Joseph Stalin and sparking a reform period.

Celebrations Around the World:

• Kuwait: National Day: Commemorates the country's liberation from Iraqi occupation in 1991.

• Thailand: Magha Puja: A Buddhist festival celebrating the teachings and enlightenment of Gautama Buddha.

Other Notable Events:

• 1919: Victor Hugo, the iconic French writer and dramatist, passes away, leaving behind a legacy of literary masterpieces.

• 1929: Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming protects stunning mountain landscapes and diverse ecosystems.

• 1971: American singer-songwriter Erykah Badu is born, later becoming a prominent figure in neo-soul music.

• 1986: The People Power Revolution in the Philippines culminates in the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos and the installation of Corazon Aquino as president.

• 2012: James Jones' novel "From Here to Eternity," a powerful portrayal of life in the U.S. Army before World War II, is published.

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#onthisday #8thfebruary #history

February 8th: A Global Journey Through History and Achievements

As February 8th unfolds, let's embark on a captivating voyage through historical milestones, cultural celebrations, and individual triumphs across the globe:

Historical Echoes:

•1587: Mary, Queen of Scots, a rival of Queen Elizabeth I, meets her tragic end by execution in Fotheringhay Castle, leaving a lasting mark on British history.

•1904: The Russo-Japanese War erupts, fueled by territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea, shaping the geopolitical landscape of East Asia.

1945: World War II continues to cast long shadows:

o British and Canadian forces commence Operation Veritable to liberate parts of the Netherlands from Nazi occupation.

o Mikhail Devyataev, a Soviet prisoner of war, escapes with nine others from a Nazi concentration camp in a daring feat of resilience.

•1968: Medical history is etched forever as Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the world's first successful heart transplant in South Africa.

•1996: NASA's Pathfinder spacecraft lands on Mars, deploying the Sojourner Rover, humanity's first successful robot explorer on the Red Planet.

•2005: Scientists announce the discovery of the dwarf planet Eris, leading to the reclassification of Pluto and redefining our understanding of the solar system.

Cultural Tapestry:

•Sri Lanka: Independence Day: Vibrant parades, traditional dances, and cultural events mark the nation's freedom gained in 1948.

•China: Spring Festival (Chinese New Year): Depending on the lunar calendar, families gather for feasts, fireworks, and lion dances to usher in the New Year.

•France: Crêpe Day: Families and friends come together to enjoy sweet and savory crêpes, commemorating Pope Gelasius I's act of feeding the poor with crêpes during a food shortage.

Individual Achievements:

•1932: American composer and conductor John Williams, whose iconic soundtracks graced films like "Star Wars" and "Jaws," is born.

•1941: Nick Nolte, the American actor known for his versatility and intense performances, enters the world.

•1959: Mauricio Macri, President of Argentina (2015-2019), is born.

•1971: The NASDAQ, the world's first electronic stock exchange, holds its inaugural trading day, revolutionizing the financial landscape.

•2007: Ian Stevenson, an American psychiatrist who explored reincarnation through case studies, passes away.

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#8thmay #onthisday #history

May 8th: A Day of Liberation and Remembrance

May 8th holds a significant place in global history, particularly in Europe, due to the end of World War II. Here's a glimpse into some noteworthy events that have unfolded on this date:

Echoes from the Past:

- 1660: Charles II Declared King of England: Following the overthrow of Oliver Cromwell's rule, the English Parliament declared Charles II King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, marking the restoration of the monarchy.

- 1825: Death of Caspar David Friedrich: German Romantic landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich, known for his evocative works depicting nature, passed away.

- 1884: American Red Cross Founded: Clara Barton established the American Red Cross, a humanitarian organization dedicated to providing relief during disaster.

- 1904: Port Arthur Surrenders to Japan: The strategically important Port Arthur surrendered to Japanese forces during the Russo-Japanese War.

- 1918: American Troops Land in Siberia: American troops land in Vladivostok, Siberia, to participate in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

- 1945: End of World War II in Europe:

- V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) is celebrated as Nazi Germany unconditionally surrenders to the Allied forces, marking the official end of World War II in Europe.

- 1970: Nixon Announces Cambodia Invasion: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, sparking widespread protests.

- 1972: Munich Massacre: Eight Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes and a German police officer during the Olympic Games in Munich, Germany.

- 1992: South Africa Votes to End Apartheid: In a historic referendum, South Africa overwhelmingly votes to end apartheid, the system of racial segregation that had dominated the country for decades.

- 1999: Bombings in Belgrade: NATO forces launch airstrikes against Belgrade, Serbia, in an attempt to end the Kosovo War.

Celebrations and Observances:

- Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day): Commemorated in many European countries to mark the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II.

- World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day: Celebrated by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, recognizing the work of volunteers and professionals who provide humanitarian aid worldwide.

Other Notable Events:

- 1873: Panic of 1873 Begins: The Panic of 1873, a significant financial crisis in the United States, began with the failure of the New York banking firm Jay Cooke & Co.

- 1924: Mount Everest Expedition: British explorers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine attempt to be the first to summit Mount Everest but disappear on the mountain, their fate remains a mystery.

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18th January: Birthdays on this day

Stars of the Screen:

• 1955: Kevin Costner, the American actor with iconic roles in "Dances with Wolves" and "The Bodyguard," continues to captivate audiences with his charisma and talent.
• 1913: Danny Kaye, the energetic comedian and singer, brightened Hollywood with his musical numbers and comedic antics, leaving audiences in stitches.
• 1892: Oliver Hardy, one half of the legendary comedy duo Laurel and Hardy, brought his deadpan humor and perfect comedic timing to generations of laughter.

Masters of the Written Word:

• 1882: A. A. Milne, the author who brought Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends to life, enchanted readers of all ages with his charming stories and whimsical characters.
•1689: Montesquieu, the French philosopher and political thinker, influenced the development of modern democracy with his ideas on separation of powers and the rule of law.

While January 18th celebrates some remarkable achievements, it also marks the passing of influential figures from diverse fields:
Leaders:

• 2011: Sargent Shriver: An American politician and diplomat, Shriver served as the 21st US Ambassador to France and played a prominent role in the Peace Corps and War on Poverty. His legacy lives on in his dedication to public service and social justice.
• 1956: Konstantin Päts: The first President of Estonia, Päts led the country through turbulent times, including the Soviet occupation during World War II. His memory evokes both admiration for his leadership and the complexities of Estonian history.
• 1862: John Tyler: The 10th President of the United States, Tyler's unique role as the first president to succeed after his predecessor's death left a lasting mark on American political history.

Humorists:
• 1952: Curly Howard: One of the iconic Three Stooges, Curly's trademark physical comedy and catchphrases ("Nyuk, nyuk, nyuk!" continue to bring laughter to audiences. His passing marked the end of an era of slapstick comedy.
Literary Giants:
• 1936: Rudyard Kipling: A Nobel Prize laureate and author of classics like "The Jungle Book" and "If," Kipling's enduring legacy lies in his captivating storytelling and portrayal of British imperialism and colonial experiences.

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#onthisday #28thjanuary #history #birthdays
January 28th: Birthing Talent Across Continents

On this global stage, January 28th witnessed the arrival of individuals who would leave their mark on diverse artistic and political landscapes:

- 1978: Gianluigi Buffon: The Italian "Superman" between the goalposts, whose legendary saves and leadership redefined goalkeeping prowess.

- 1968: Sarah McLachlan: The Canadian songstress whose emotive vocals and introspective lyrics touched hearts and topped charts.

- 1955: Nicolas Sarkozy: The French politician who rose to the nation's highest office, leaving a complex legacy of reforms and controversies.

- 1912: Jackson Pollock: The American abstract expressionist, whose chaotic splatters and innovative techniques revolutionized modern art.

- 1853: José Martí: The Cuban poet and revolutionary whose words ignited the fight for independence, leaving a lasting legacy of patriotism and literary artistry.

These individuals, born on January 28th, showcase the power of dedication, passion, and creativity to redefine their chosen fields. From athletic excellence to poetic fire and political leadership, their contributions continue to inspire and shape the world we live in.

As the curtain falls on January 28th, we remember notable figures who departed, leaving behind legacies in diverse corners of the world:

- 2002: Astrid Lindgren: The Swedish storyteller whose whimsical tales like "Pippi Longstocking" captivated imaginations and empowered generations of children.

- 1975: Ola Raknes: The Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist who explored the intersection of language and the unconscious mind, shaping fields of study.

- 1939: W. B. Yeats: The Irish poet and Nobel laureate whose evocative verses celebrated Celtic mythology and explored themes of love, loss, and national identity.

- 1547: Henry VIII of England: The English monarch whose tumultuous reign redefined religious and political landscapes, leaving behind a complex legacy.

- 814: Charlemagne: The Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor whose reign ushered in a cultural and intellectual revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Their departures on January 28th mark the closing of significant chapters, but their contributions to literature, psychoanalysis, poetry, political history, and cultural development continue to resonate through the ages. As we remember them, let's appreciate the diverse ways individuals leave their mark on the world, from crafting enchanting stories to delving into the depths of the human mind, shaping language and literature, navigating political complexities, and even forging empires.

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#31stmarch #onthisday #history

March 31st marks a day of culmination and initiation across the globe. Let's explore some significant historical events, cultural celebrations, and technological milestones associated with this date:

Echoes of History:

• 307 AD: Constantine Marries Fausta: Roman emperor Constantine I divorces his wife Minervina and marries Fausta, daughter of the retired emperor Maximian.

• 1146 AD: Second Crusade Preached: Bernard of Clairvaux delivers a powerful sermon at Vézelay, urging French participation in the Second Crusade.

• 1492 AD: Alhambra Decree Issued: Queen Isabella I of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain. This event marks the beginning of a mass exodus of these communities.
• 1521 AD: Magellan Lands in the Philippines: Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reaches Limasawa Island in the Philippines, marking the first European contact with the archipelago.

• 1727 AD: Death of Isaac Newton: English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton, a pioneer of scientific thought, dies at the age of 84.

• 1814 AD: Napoleon Abdicates: Following his defeat in Europe, French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte abdicates his throne, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

• 1850 AD: Death of John C. Calhoun: American politician John C. Calhoun, a strong advocate for states' rights and a key figure in the events leading to the Civil War, dies at the age of 68.

• 1889: Eiffel Tower Opens: The Eiffel Tower, a symbol of Paris and France, is officially inaugurated.

• 1918: Daylight Saving Time Begins in the US: The United States adopts Daylight Saving Time (DST) for the first time, aiming to conserve energy during World War I.

• 1933: Civilian Conservation Corps Founded: The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a public work program aimed at providing jobs and environmental conservation during the Great Depression, begins operations in the United States.

• 1964: Military Coup in Brazil: A military coup d'état in Brazil ousts democratically elected president João Goulart, ushering in a period of military dictatorship.

• 1968: President Johnson Announces He Won't Seek Re-Election: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, facing growing public opposition to the Vietnam War, announces he will not run for re-election.

• 1972: Death of Meena Kumari: Legendary Indian actress Meena Kumari, known for her powerful performances in Hindi films, passes away.

• 1980: Jesse Owens Dies: American track and field legend Jesse Owens, a four-time Olympic gold medalist and advocate for racial equality, dies at the age of 66.

• 1983: Colombia Earthquake: A powerful earthquake devastates parts of Colombia, leaving over 5,000 people dead.

Celebrations Around the World:

• Teacher's Day (Slovakia): Slovakian educators are celebrated for their contributions on Teacher's Day.

Other Notable Events:

• 1596 AD: Birth of René Descartes: French philosopher René Descartes, known for his groundbreaking ideas on dualism and the famous quote "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am", is born.

• 1985: First WrestleMania Held: The first WrestleMania, a now-legendary event many consider the granddaddy of professional wrestling entertainment, takes place in New York.

March 31st signifies not only endings but also new beginnings. It's a day that reminds us of change, transition, and the constant flow of time.

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The 10th of January is filled with intriguing historical events and vibrant celebrations worldwide. Here's a glimpse into some of the most notable ones:

Historical Highlights: On this Day

• 1776: Thomas Paine published "Common Sense," a pamphlet that passionately advocated for American independence and became a crucial catalyst for the American Revolution.

• 1840: Her Majesty's Post Office issues the first postage stamps in the world, the Penny Black and Two Penny Blue. These revolutionary stamps marked the beginning of the modern postal system and revolutionized communication.

• 1920: The Treaty of Versailles officially ends World War I. This controversial treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, sowing the seeds for future conflicts.

• 1929: The Adventures of Tintin, the iconic comic book series by Hergé, is first published. Tintin's thrilling adventures and captivating art style have captivated readers of all ages for generations.

• 1946: The first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly takes place in London. This marked a significant step forward in international cooperation and diplomacy.

Global Celebrations: On this Day

• Australia: Triple J Hottest 100 Countdown: Music lovers Down Under eagerly await the annual countdown of the top 100 songs of the year, a cultural phenomenon generating immense buzz and debate.

• India: National Museum Day: Museums across India open their doors for free, celebrating the vast cultural heritage and historical treasures of the nation.

• Japan: Seijin no Hi (Coming of Age Day): Young adults who turn 20 on or before January 10th participate in special ceremonies, marking their official entry into adulthood.

• Spain: Cabalgata de Reyes (Three Kings Parade): Colourful parades fill the streets as Spaniards celebrate the arrival of the Three Kings, who bring gifts to children.

• United States: National Popcorn Day: Americans celebrate the fluffy snack with movie marathons, popcorn recipes, and fun facts about this beloved treat.

We hope this gives you a good overview of the historical and cultural significance of January 10th!

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History Unfolds on February 19th: A Global Lookback.

On February 19th, historical events, cultural celebrations, and individual achievements unfold worldwide. Here's a glimpse into some of the notable happenings on this date:

Echoes of the Past:

• 1473: Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician, is born. His theories on heliocentrism revolutionized our understanding of the solar system.

• 1600: Huaynaputina volcano in Peru erupts, releasing South American history's most violent recorded eruption.

• 1649: The Dutch colonization efforts in Brazil ended after the Portuguese victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes.

• 1714: The Battle of Napue between Sweden and Russia occurred during the Great Northern War.

• 1807: Former US Vice President Aaron Burr is arrested for treason.

• 1878: American inventor Thomas Edison patents the phonograph, paving the way for recorded sound.

• 1929: The U.S. Congress formally accepts the deeds of cession of eastern Samoa, forming American Samoa.

• 1942: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an executive order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

• 1945: U.S. Marines land on the strategically important island of Iwo Jima in the Pacific Theater of World War II.

• 1953: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, former president of Argentina, is born.

• 1963: Singer-songwriter Seal is born.

• 1986: The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station, which orbits Earth for 15 years.

• 1997: Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader of China, dies.

• 2008: Fidel Castro steps down as President of Cuba after 49 years in power.

Celebrations Around the World:

• World Whale Day: Raises awareness about the threats whales face and celebrates their vital role in marine ecosystems.

• Cyprus: Kataklysmos is a religious and cultural festival celebrating the Great Flood with water-related customs and traditions.

Other Notable Events:

• 1533: Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro executes Inca emperor Atahualpa, marking a turning point in the Spanish conquest of Peru.

• 1940: British pilot Robert Stanford Tuck shoots down five Luftwaffe bombers in a single day, becoming a flying ace during World War II.

• 1985: Eurydice Dixon becomes the first Black woman to receive a medical license in New Zealand.

• 2013: Pedro Lascurain becomes President of Mexico for just 45 minutes, the shortest term in the country's history.

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#22ndfebruary #onthisday #history

History Unfolds on February 22nd: A Global Lookback

On February 22nd, historical events, cultural celebrations, and individual achievements unfold worldwide. Here's a glimpse into some of the notable happenings on this date:

Echoes of the Past:

• 1541: Founding of Santiago, Chile: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia establishes the city, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in Chile.

• 1818: Chile Declares Independence: Bernardo O'Higgins formally approved the Chilean Declaration of Independence, culminating years of struggle for freedom from Spanish rule.

• 1864: Treaty of Lahore: After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, this treaty grants British control over Punjab, impacting the political landscape of South Asia.

• 1912: Puyi Abdicates the Chinese Throne: The last Qing emperor, Puyi, formally relinquishes power, marking the end of 2,132 years of imperial rule in China.

• 1948: First Transatlantic Balloon Flight: Jean Piccard and André Dewitters, pioneering high-altitude balloon flight technology, embark on this historic journey.

• 1953: Anglo-Egyptian Agreement: British troops withdraw from the Suez Canal Zone, ending a long period of occupation.

• 1994: Winter Olympics Open in Lillehammer, Norway: Athletes from 67 nations compete in various winter sports, showcasing athletic prowess and international cooperation.

Cultural Tapestry:

• Sri Lanka: Independence Day: Celebrated with parades, traditional dances, and cultural events as Sri Lanka gained independence from the British Empire in 1948.

• China: Spring Festival (Chinese New Year): Depending on the lunar calendar, families gather for feasts, fireworks, and lion dances to usher in the New Year.

• France: Crêpe Day: Families and friends come together to enjoy sweet and savory crêpes, commemorating Pope Gelasius I's act of feeding the poor with crêpes during a food shortage.

• United States: Hug Day: A friendly reminder to show affection and appreciation through a hug.

Individual Achievements:

• 1809: Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States, is born.

• 1934: Bill Russell, legendary basketball player and NBA champion, enters the world.

• 1948: Ray Kurzweil, computer scientist and futurist, is born.
• 1993: Omar Bradley, decorated US general and WWII hero,
passes away.

• 2019: The Republic of Macedonia changed its name to the Republic of North Macedonia.

Remembering Lost Icons:

• 2011: Cliff Gorman, an American actor known for his powerful presence, departs.

• 2014: Sid Caesar, comedic powerhouse and pioneer of early live television, passes away.

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History Unfolds on February 14th: A Global Lookback

February 14th holds a diverse tapestry of historical moments, cultural celebrations, and individual achievements across the globe. Here's a glimpse into some notable events on this date:

Echoes of the Past:

• 269: Valentine's Day possibly originates: Legends abound around Saint Valentine, with different stories associating him with secret messages, defying emperors, or marrying couples.

• 1779: Captain James Cook claims possession of Hawaii: This marks the beginning of Western influence on the Hawaiian Islands.

• 1804: The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches the Pacific Ocean: This monumental venture explored and mapped the western expanse of the United States.

• 1859: Oregon becomes the 33rd U.S. state: This expands American territory westward and boosts agricultural production.

• 1929: St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Gangsters in Chicago engage in a deadly shootout, forever etching the date in crime history.

• 1945: World War II battles rage on: Fighting continues in the Pacific and Europe, with the bombing of Dresden and the liberation of Manila.

• 1989: Ayatollah Khomeini issues a fatwa against Salman Rushdie: This controversial act sparks debates on freedom of expression and religious extremism.

• 2005: Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri is assassinated: This event ignites tensions in the Middle East and leads to significant political upheaval.

Celebrations Around the World:

• Valentine's Day: While its historical ties remain debated, the day enjoys global popularity as a celebration of love and affection, with traditions ranging from gift-giving to romantic dinners.

• Lunar New Year: Depending on the lunar calendar, many East and Southeast Asian nations celebrate the start of a new year with festive traditions like lion dances and family gatherings.

Other Notable Events:

• 1812: Mary Shelley conceives the idea for Frankenstein: This iconic horror novel remains a popular cultural touchstone.

• 1928: The first talking picture, "The Jazz Singer," premieres: This landmark film revolutionizes the movie industry.

• 2004: Cassini-Huygens spacecraft enters orbit around Saturn: This mission provides valuable insights into the ringed planet and its moons.

Beyond This Glimpse: This is just a snapshot of February 14th's rich history. Explore specific events, figures, or celebrations further to delve deeper into the fascinating stories waiting to be discovered!

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#9thmarch #onthisday #history

Today, March 9th offers a vibrant tapestry of historical events, cultural celebrations, and individual achievements across the globe. Here's a glimpse into some noteworthy occurrences:

Echoes from the Past:

• 1454: Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish astronomer, makes his first recorded astronomical observation, laying the groundwork for his heliocentric theory. (This is according to some sources, while others place his first observation earlier.)

• 1815: Napoleon Bonaparte declares war on Portugal, escalating European tensions during the Napoleonic Wars.

• 1908: Inter Milan, a prominent Italian football club, is founded following a schism from A.C. Milan.

• 1916: Pancho Villa, a Mexican revolutionary leader, leads a raid on Columbus, New Mexico, marking a significant event in the Mexican Revolution.

• 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt submits the Emergency Banking Act to Congress, marking one of the first actions taken as part of the New Deal to address the Great Depression.

• 1942: The Dutch East Indies unconditionally surrendered to Japanese forces, marking a turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II.

• 1961: Sputnik 9, a Soviet spacecraft carrying a dog and a human dummy, launches successfully, demonstrating the USSR's advancements in space exploration and paving the way for human spaceflight.

• 1974: The Mars 7 Flyby bus releases the descent module too early, missing Mars on its intended mission.

• 1976: The Cavalese cable car disaster, the deadliest cable car accident in history, occurs in Italy, claiming the lives of 42 people.

• 1977: The Hanafi Siege, a 39-hour standoff between armed Hanafi Muslims and law enforcement, unfolds in Washington, D.C., culminating in a peaceful resolution.

Celebrations Around the World:

• International Women's Day: A global day dedicated to celebrating the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women while also calling for action on gender equality. Many countries observe this day with marches, rallies, conferences, and other events.

Other Notable Events:

• 1934: Yuri Gagarin, the first human to travel to space, is born in the Soviet Union.

• 1956: Shashi Tharoor, an Indian politician, writer, and diplomat, is born.

• 1964: Juliette Binoche, a renowned French actress, is born.

• 1987: Bobby Fischer, a controversial American chess grandmaster, is naturalized as an Icelandic citizen.

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